Religion in the Modern Age Essay - 993 Words

Religion in the modern age has been seen by some sociologists as being refreshing to the morals of society, while other sociologists feel that religion has for too long placed restrictions and limitations upon those who partake in it. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Both functionalists and Marxists have identified that religion does have the main function of providing guidelines and restrictions to how someone should behave in society., albeit both perspectives have a different outlook on the result of the social restrictions. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Functionalists such as Durkheim seen religion as being a vital part of society’s structure and form. Durkheim and Parsons believed that by laying down a social consciousness of agreed†¦show more content†¦This can be compared to modern day when many armed forces pray to gods for protection when entering battle. Each member of the groups is expected to perform this act and can be seen as a regulation of behaviour and as setting down a code of behaviour through religion. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Marxists agree with the functionalist perspective that religion has the main function of laying down a code of behaviour which regulates personal and social life. Though unlike the functionalist perspective they do not believe that religion is mandatory in a society’s structure and that in many cases religion is detrimental to the liberation and security of society. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Marxists believed that religion is used as a way of laying down a code of behaviour that is built with the welfare of the ruling classes in mind, that the code of behaviour that is promoted by many religions is a form of control upon the masses, and indeed lead to Marx referring ‘religion is the opium of the people’. Marx noted also that religious beliefs were as a result of the alienation that people felt from society as a whole and that the behaviour code produced by religion is only accepted by the masses because society is such that they have nowhere else to turn. This can be partly seen in society today where although individuals do not have a personal faith they attach themselves to religious groups in order to feel as if they are part of community. Such examples areShow MoreRelatedThe Transition Of Medieval And Modern Times1235 Words   |  5 Pagestransition of Medieval to Modern happened over a long period of time. The middle ages mark ed a dark time in Europe’s history, and the people were anxious to get out. The Renaissance began, and art emerged to create a brighter society. During the Reformation, the country shifted away from the Roman Catholic Church, and many Protestant religions emerged. The Scientific Revolution also marked a change in medical to modern by creating new ways to look at the world and mathematics. The Age of Discovery markedRead MoreIslamic State And Boko Haram1664 Words   |  7 Pagesattacking the religion of Islam as well as the groups that perpetrated these events. Often referring to the beliefs held by groups—such as the Islamic State and Boko Haram—as a radical and medieval version of Islam, these individuals are not wrong in a sense, but rather they are failing to notice that no ancient religion is peaceful or nonviolent. It is true that the beliefs that are held by members of terrorist groups are archaic, but it isn’t because the culture and system of modern Islam is medievalRead MoreFrom An Ontic Community To The Age Of Mobilisation1018 Words   |  5 Pagestheory of secularisation which assumes three premises. First, there is the ground floor which holds the empirical premise according to which there is a retreat of traditional religion. By traditional religion, Taylor means an enchanted world where there is a clear distinction between the sacred and the profane. The traditional religion is characterised by an ontic, hierarchical community who believes in a greater order where everything has its own place. Thus, the individual knows where he belongs withinRead MoreThe Islamic Golden Age709 Words   |  3 PagesGolden Age (750-1258) was a stark contrast to the Dark Ages (500-1500) in Europe. While the Islamic Empire thrived with riches and knowledge, Europe shied away from a more prosperous future. Europe was very driven by religion and did not accept the modern scientific innovations of the Islamic Empire. Many churches and mosques from these ancient times still stand today and although they are different in many ways, they have many similar aspects that have been worked into them. Finally, religion playsRead MoreModernity Is A Normal Part Of Daily Life That Has Made Its Way Into Religion1486 Words   |  6 PagesModernity is a normal part of daily life that has made its way into religion. Modernity, disenchantment, and secularization, not only all intertwine and play a role in today’s changing society, but the first one acts as cause for the other two, through ideas such as the Secularization Thesis and secularism arising as part of the disenchanted world. Before explaining how, it is important to first discuss what modernity is. Michael Saler describes it as: â€Å"a mixture of political, social, intellectualRead MorePeople s Views On Witches977 Words   |  4 PagesPeople’s views on witches have transformed from the pre-modern period to today. During the pre-modern time, many people believed the Devil carried out evil deeds through witches, but the witches were to blame for all of the misfortunes caused (Kramer and Sprenger 2). The modern era, though, rejects that belief. Today, it is rumored that witches are no longer associated with the Devil, and a witch is anyone at all who performs magic (Bolds 1). The definition of a â€Å"witch† as a whole has transformedRead More Middle Ages Essay712 Words   |  3 PagesMiddle Ages The history of the modern world derives from thousands of years of human history. Embedded in its history are the many eras of man which have constructed our modern learning, art, beliefs, and order. The middle ages, although represented as â€Å"dark†, backwards, and idle, were in fact a bridge linking the classical and modern world. Medieval society may not have been in a sense glorious, but the era of itself was a prime foundation of the modern world’s newfound stability, a revivalRead MoreHistorical And Philosophical Movement Of The Renaissance1596 Words   |  7 Pagestheories placed the beginning era in the early 14th century. The renaissance profoundly affected European Intellectual life through the introduction of different perspectives, ideas, innovations, literature, art, science, religion among many other aspects that continue to shape modern philosophy. By focusing, on ideas presented by Southern, Petrarch, and Burckhardt I will argue that the historical and philosophical movement of the renaissance progressed the writings and concerns of the medieval timesRead MoreTheories On The Existence Of Religion1058 Words   |  5 PagesRemi Gleich Moen 4063 December 15th, 2016 Theories on the Existence of Religion When an idea forms and flourishes into an existing discussion that travels through conversations among acquaintances, that idea progresses and solidifies into the minds of the curious thinkers. These â€Å"thinkers†, or theorists, then mold this idea into a hypothesis for experimentation. Unfortunately, even in modern times, some things are still unable to be experimented and proven correct or incorrect. This leaves usRead MoreThe Early Middle Ages And Early Medieval Period Essay1435 Words   |  6 PagesTaking a humanities course, specifically one with a focus on medieval to modern times can help you learn about what historians call the late antiquity, early middle ages, and the early modern period. These periods were all crucial in the formation of modern government, philosophy, culture as well as many other aspects and qualities of society today. The late antiquity, the early middle ages and the early modern period were all named by historians to mark significant changes in politics, culture

United Kingdom Of The European Union And The Political,...

In the next year the people of the United Kingdom will get a chance to choose their countries’ fate: whether they should leave the European Union. What makes this important is that it would be the first country to leave the European Union in a time when other European countries are either in negotiation or planning to join. It would be a big deal as the United Kingdom is Europe’s third largest economy. As the people are about to vote on their future, there are concerns as what would be the economical, social, and political consequences. While some wonder what would the benefits be if the United Kingdom left. In this discussion I will explore the United Kingdom in the European Union and the political, economical, and social benefits and†¦show more content†¦After the Greek bailout, the people spark protests around Greece, as the British people began to question their countries membership in the Union. The people saw their tax monies going to help other countries instead of propelling their own economy out of. As a result of the people s dissatisfaction, the British government announced that it will hold a referendum to decide if the country leaves the EU or not. Currently the government is deeply divided on the issue. The Labour Party is against the exit, while the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats support a British exit or a Brexit. Even though the two main parties are wrestling control, The United Kingdom Independence Party, or UKIP, has won the sweeping majority of the seats in the European Parliament. As a result of this election the UKIP, according to the Guardian will be the influential party in Britain as they now control the European Parliaments, and since they control the seats, a Brexit will now be impossible to avoid in the European arena (Harris). According to Tim Oliver s paper Europe without Britain, Mr Oliver says that the only way for Britain to leave the EU the government needs to negotiate a way out as the Britain and the EU need to change their regulations to its own as their no longer need to conform to each other s rules (Oliver 12). So what Mr Oliver is saying is that it is easy to withdraw from EU membership. All the countries need to do is to set a referendum to let the people decide.Show MoreRelatedThe European Union Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesCameron stated, â€Å"A vote to leave is the gamble of the century. And it would be our children’s futures on the table if we were to roll the dice† (Ketil). On June 23, more than half of the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union. A myriad of UK’s citizens had no knowledge of what their vote would do.1 In the United States, the electoral college elects the president while taking in the consideration of the public’s vote. When the public voted on the referendum, they believed it was an opinion pollRead MoreEuropean Integration And The European Union Enlargement2051 Words   |  9 Pagesall, the why and how of the European Union enlargement. Starting from outlining the main reasons of the European integration and its benefits, as well as the perspectives of the controversial issues that the European integration presents. In particular, the difficulties of agreeing which country should join the monetary union and the numerous problems that the enlargement brings to the other European states, taking into account the major changes that the monetary union bring. The literature reviewRead MoreForeign Policy : International Politics And Relations Through Various Variables1645 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment refers to a region’s political circumstance while considering the nations geology, history, religion, culture, administrative structure, and financial circumstances. It is also applied to a single country’s political situation given their geographic realities or the environment of the entire continent. The United Kingdom s prospective withdrawal from the European Union is widely known as Brexit. The result of the June 23 referendum in the United Kingdom could lead to the first instanceRead MoreThe Insolvency Of The United Kingdom1251 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic recession is often mirrored by an increase in insolvency predicated transfers in turn creating an increased scrutiny of the surrounding law. The insolvency proceedings in the United Kingdom (UK) are underpinned by the Insolvency Act 1986, together with the amendments via the Enterprise Act 2002. Cessation of trading can occur as a result of Court intervention, a voluntary resolution passed by a general meeting or Company voluntary resolutions arrangements with its creditors. The principleRead MoreBritish Attitude Toward Europe3470 Words   |  14 Pages(Blankson, 2005, pp. 3-8). Studies have also brought the fact into limelight that social roles and social norms play prominent and manipulating role in shaping the attitudes of the society. The is relatively due to the reason that social roles transmit how a person is ought to act and react in an appropriate manner towards a particular situation with reference to the rules and norms set by the society, which is the social norms (Wicker   Wicker, 2010, pp. 3-12). Attitude is a strong component thatRead MoreThe Hanseatic League and the European Union3350 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction On 25 March 2017, the European Union will celebrate the 60th anniversary of its existence. Nevertheless, the European Council and the presidents of the twenty seven member states are aware that it is not a perfect union. The Hanseatic League is probably the oldest trace of city alliances in Europe that actually started as a merchant’s society in the Middle Ages. The main interest of this work is to analyse this trade alliance from three different points of view to outline the similaritiesRead MoreAnalysis of the European Economic Crisis and Its Impact to the New Zealand Based Marino Wool Export Industry.3369 Words   |  14 PagesGlobal Enterprise Analysis of the European economic crisis and its impact to the New Zealand based Marino wool Export Industry. Executive Summary This analytical report analyzes the background of European financial crisis and causes impact to the ongoing economic crisis. According to the analysis this terrible situation arises due to amalgamation of numerous complex factors. Reasons caused for this continuing financial crisis varied by country to country in the euro zone. In numerous countriesRead MoreBenefits Of The Uk Retaining An Unwritten Constitution2458 Words   |  10 Pagesconstitution law. The fundamental purpose of a constitution is being able to establish the roles and powers of different branches of a state alongside the perspectives and rights of its citizens. The United Kingdom is considered to have a constitution however, unlike the substantial countries like the United States of America and Australia, who currently have a sole codified document. In comparison, to the UK, Israel and New Zealand who are amongst the only three countries in the world that have a distinctiveRead More In What Major Respects Had Europe Changed By 1971 From The Situation I2237 Words   |  9 Pagesshowed, the Vienna Settlement did not last, even though the great European powers were able for a while to take the situation under control with brutal repression. However, it was impossible to stop the liberal revolution, which led to important political events and deep social changes. In the political field there are three major events: the rise of Napoleon III, the unification of Germany and the Italian Risorgimento. In the field of social changes there are the extraordinary doubling of the populationRead MoreThe year is 2001. Troops are just being deployed to Af ghanistan War. American troops are on foreign2800 Words   |  12 Pagesyear is 2001. Troops are just being deployed to Afghanistan War. American troops are on foreign soil for the first time in decades. Soldiers say goodbye to their families, thinking they’ll be back within a few years. President Bush is confident the United States will win and will achieve their primary goal of bringing the terrorists to justice within a few years. Average citizens go about their day, completely unaware of the fact that their lives too will change after this war. Little does anyone know

Why Not to Legalize Marijuana Free Essays

string(146) " number of people getting treatment for marijuana each year has increased by roughly 50%, or about 100,000 people† \(Stop the Drug War 2009, p\." Why Not to Legalize Marijuana Marjorie Fleuridor ENG/102 March 10, 2013 Professor Laura Barnes Marijuana is one of the best known drugs that have been widely consumed throughout history which today raises a concerned eyebrow. Those who are advocates consider marijuana a harmless and beneficial substance because of its claimed value in treating symptoms of serious illness or diseases and Jeffrey Miron, a professor of economics at Harvard University in the following viewpoint believes that, â€Å"Legalizing illicit drugs would generate billions in tax revenue† (Forbes, 2012 pp. -1). We will write a custom essay sample on Why Not to Legalize Marijuana or any similar topic only for you Order Now Just as any drug, marijuana may bring some type of relief with its use, but it also poses risk which in the end poses threat to the economy because of its affects to the human body, open doors to addiction, and worse, harms the youth which is not worth the added benefits for the few legitimate users to make acceptable. Marijuana, which is also referred to as pot, weed, cannabis, refer, and Mary Jane to name a few, is the most commonly abused illicit drug in the U. S. s well as around the world which comes from the stems, seeds, leaves, and flowers of the hemp plant, which is also known as cannabis. Most individuals use the plant by either smoking it or mixing it into food because it is an all-natural substance. Registered nurse Mary Lynn Mathre states, â€Å"The cannabis plant (marijuana) has therapeutic benefits and could ease the suffering of millions of persons with various illnesses such as AIDS, cancer, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, seizure disorders, chr onic pain, and other maladies† (Mathre 1997, p. ) and that is one of various reasons advocates on legalizing the plant believe that, the substance relieving and therapeutic benefits should legalize the use of marijuana, but if that were the case, risks that occur from its use would not outweigh the benefits. First, why are the detrimental factors of the substance ignored? If marijuana is legalized worldwide, through its medicinal or recreational use, the human body will experience short as well as long term effects stemming from the consumption of the plant. Marijuana contains a psychoactive chemical which is called tetrahydrcannabinol or THC and as it enters the brain, the marijuana user starts to feel euphoric, or high, but occasionally the drug makes individuals feel anxious, depressed, distrustful or fearful. THC affects the body in various ways by causing short-term effects which include memory loss, trouble with thinking, diminished motor skills, and an increase of the heart rate which is just the minor damage that pose hazard to the body (Goldstein, 2010). Advocates of marijuana has gone as far as pleading that the substance has no real potential harm compared to the use of tobacco, one of the leading causes of cancer. Crystal Phend, a senior staff writer for MedPage Today discusses a study that indicates that a link is present between smoking marijuana and lung cancer where she notes, â€Å"that the study finds that a single marijuana joint may be as carcinogenic as twenty cigarettes† (MedPage Today, 2008 p. ) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIH) formulated a chart on the commonly abused drugs in which tobacco which causes greater health risk such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer in various forms, for instance, the lungs, pancreas, and esophagus, but it has yet to be scheduled. Marijuana on the other hand poses less health risk compared to tobacco, but it is labeled as a Scheduled I drug, because for as long as marijuana has been present in the world, the illicit drug has no approved use and the denial from the f ederal law will definitely cause a harsher dent to the economy. The federal ban will keep the marijuana market fragmented† (Berlatsky, 2012 p. 178) which means the small population of potential growers or distributers will continue to fight or compete on the marijuana market, which may limit tax collection resources and just proves why it should not be legalized. .To further, the story of former marijuana user shares how difficult it was to withdraw from marijuana concerning the subject of addiction with its use. Mick, a 62 year-old male started smoking pot back in 1969 because he had bouts of anxiety and at times depression, but has been sober for the past 10 years, up until suffering one of those prolonged periods of anxiety, in which he took a few hits on the pipe of the drug. The couple of use he took of the substance caused his level of anxiety to skyrocket, in which Mick then withdrew himself from the illicit drug. On the sixth day of withdrawal from smoking weed, he shared how his stomach thought terrible, which gave Mick an awful feeling. When he ate, he stated how his stomach became upset, but not to the point of vomiting and it brought on anxious as well as irritable feelings to the point where cries and isolates himself. Mick concluded on how he would never lit up again because of the unfortunate risk it caused him when he attempted to misuse the drug (Online Support Groups for your Health Challenges, 2011). Supporters disagree that the plant could be of such sort compared to other drugs because a person who quits the substance will not undergo the painful physical symptoms and cravings compared to the experience which individuals suffer when they try to stop using heroin, but we as human react differently to various things. The National Institute of Drug Abuse reports that â€Å"about 9% of users develop an addiction to the drug, and that the number rises to 25% to 50% if people use the drug everyday† (NIDA, 2009 p. ). Some users of marijuana may become dependent on marijuana for various matters, and they become fixated on getting the plant, utilizing it in large quantities, and feel uncomfortable without it. If marijuana does not cause addiction, then why do so many victims of its use enter rehab facilities annually? â€Å"Since 1997, the number of people getting treatment for marijuana each year has increased by roughly 50%, or about 100,000 people† (Stop the Drug War 20 09, p. You read "Why Not to Legalize Marijuana" in category "Papers" 1). With such an increase, the economy will continue to suffer because of the cost of treatment for individuals battling little to no result with their marijuana addiction. Last, â€Å"Why young people have the need to use cannabis on a frequent basis is an interesting question and may be associated with their underlying personality characteristics, environment during childhood and adolescence, as well as any psychiatric disturbances they have experienced, such as depression, anxiety or even psychotic symptoms† (Camera et al. , 2012 pp. 1-2). The subject of a child’s environment where the use of the plant comes to play may cause an adolescent to suffer. For example, a parent’s state of mind may be altered when he or she needs to be an active, attentive caregiver when children are in their presence. Neglect may be the result because the symptoms interfered in the parent’s responsibilities and in such cases; social services are involved resulting with the system providing further care and parents in jail or rehab centers in which they would have to prove their stability. A child in this type of situation may isolate themselves from others or lash out because what they know as normal and home has been taken away. This particular child may grow up and head down the same path of smoking pot and with the â€Å"high† feeling which supporters advocate is the effects of the â€Å"medicine†, but marijuana as the introduction, opens the door to the potential use of other drugs, which can be detrimental. An adolescent may try marijuana and enjoy it; after a while, in the same environment that led to that first joint, will become curious or peer pressured into the unfamiliarity of other substances that are more exciting, gives a greater stimulation, or is more illicit, but are unaware of the dangers that lay ahead. Heroin and cocaine are the common â€Å"gateway drugs† from early marijuana use in which both are highly toxic and have led to a number amount of deaths as well. Heroine like marijuana is illegal, highly addictive, true contents is unknown, and also is the most abused. The drug is processed from morphine; a naturally occurring substance removed from the seed pot of a variety of poppy plants and is typically a white or brownish powder. Cocaine is removed from the leaves of a South Africa coca plant, affects the body’s central nervous system and the fact that it is a white crystalline powder; cocaine is often mixed with cornstarch, vitamins, flour, and sugar. In relation to marijuana, the drug creates a strong sense of exhilaration in which users generally feel invisible and happy-go-lucky. Legalization of marijuana may increase the number of users in which† an additional 17 to 34 million young adult users† (US News, 2012 p. 1) which sets a bad example for young adults because with its worldwide acceptance whether it is for medical or recreational use, they will be curious of the feeling and reaction from its use, which will only lead down a road to where the youth will take a toll regarding marijuana use. You see, the youth are most at risk from legalization as well as associated obtainability of recreational drugs. If marijuana were to become more available, acceptable nd inexpensive, the substance will pull in greater numbers of vulnerable youth. †The marketing tactics of drug promoters and the major decline in drug use in the 1990s (due in great part to antidrug, education and awareness campaigns) there is a growing perception among young people today that drugs are harmless. A decade ago, for example, 79% of 12th graders thought regular marijuana use was harmful; only 58% do so today† (Drug Free Foundation, 2004) and pressure from colleagues is such an issue in persuading a peer to test drugs, the way adolescents perceive the dangers of its use is serious. The acceptance of marijuana to where it is provided with the government’s stamp of approval, directs a message to young children that drug use is not only inoffensive, but also normal and this is precisely the opposite message we should be assigning. Teaching children that drug use is dangerous will be even more difficult because advocates declare marijuana as â€Å"medicine,† which just simply opens a window for teens to feel that it is ok to smoke or add into their food however they may choose and through the promotion of the good it brings, this will only open a continual use of the drug and a cost to the economy. Marijuana use accounts for tens of thousands of marijuana related complaints at emergency rooms throughout the United States each year and over 99,000 are young people† (U. S. News 2012, pp. 1-1). The numbers are far too great to promote just the beneficial aspects of marijuana when the potential harmful outcomes cost the economy as far as healthcare costs with the number of young patience that are admitted to the hospital. To conclude, the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) declared that responsible adult personal use of marijuana should be legalized, but how can one determine who is responsible to make use of weed? Alcohol and tobacco may stimulate harsher risk factors when consumed, but after more than 40 years of its existence, marijuana remains a Scheduled 1 substance, which is a drug that has a high potential for abuse, have no accepted medical use, and are not safe for use under medical supervision. In the end, the risks of marijuana seem to outweigh the benefits and that is why marijuana should not be legalized. References 42 Years of smoking pot / day 6 of withdrawal. (n. d. ). Online Support Groups for your Health Challenges. Retrieved from http://www. mdjunction. com/forums/marijuana-addiction-discussions/introductions-personal-stories/2665662-42-years-of-smoking-pot-day-6-of-withdrawal Berlatsky, N. (2012). Legalizing Marijuana in California Would Not Generate Substantial Tax Revenue. In Marijuana (p. 178). Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. Camera, A. A. , Tomaselli, V. Fleming, J. , Jabbar, G. A. , Trachtenberg, M. , Galves-Buccollini, J. A. (2012). Correlates to the Variable Effects of Cannabis in Young adults: A Preliminary Study. Harm Reduction, 9(15), 1-2. Cohan, P. (2012, September 7). Is it Time to Legalize Illicit Drugs? – Forbes. Information for the World’s Business Leaders – Forbes. com. Retrieved March 16, 2013, from http://www. forbes. com/sites/petercohan/2012/07/09/is-it-time-to-legalize-illicit-drugs/ Drug Free Foundation (2004). Drug Free America Foundation – Medical Marijuana – ProCon. org. Medical Marijuana ProCon. org. Retrieved March 16, 2013, from http://medicalmarijuana. procon. org/view. source. php? sourceID=000810 Drug Free Foundation (2009, October 12). Drug Free America Foundation – Medical Marijuana – ProCon. org. Medical Marijuana ProCon. org. Retrieved March 16, 2013, from http://medicalmarijuana. procon. org/view. source. php? sourceID=000810 Evans, D. G. (2012, October 30). Marijuana Legalization’s Costs Outweigh Its Benefits | Debate Club | US News Opinion. US News World Report | News Rankings | Best Colleges, Best Hospitals, and more. Retrieved March 10, 2012, from http://www. usnews. om/debate-club/should-marijuana-use-be-legalized/marijuana-legalizations-costs-outweigh-its-benefits Goldstein. , M. J. (2010). Legalizing Drugs: Crime Stopper Or Social Risk? (p. 115). Minneapolis, MN: Lerner Pub. Group. Mathre, M. L. (1997). Legal Dilemmas of Cannabis Prohibitation. In Cannabis in medical practice: A legal, historical, and pharmacological overview of the therape utic use of marijuana (p. 1). Jefferson, N. C: McFarland Co. National Institue on Drug Abuse (2009). Is marijuana addictive? | National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved March 11, 2013, from How to cite Why Not to Legalize Marijuana, Papers

Business Setting Operations in Australia

Question: Describe about the Business Setting Operations in Australia. Answer: 1. Issue Fred works for an English employer which has sent him to Australia with the intention of aiding in the process of setting operations in Australia. During his visit to Australia, his wife comes along with him while his teenage children continue their education in London. The owned house in England is rented and they start living in Australia in a leased apartment with a lease of 12 months. Already, Fred has stayed for 11 months in Australia and now returns to England due to illness concerns. In the wake of the above information, Freds tax residency needs to be ascertained by paying consideration to the relevant statute. Rule and Application There are primarily four tests that have been outlined for checking the tax residency and are discussed below. Domicile Test To pass this test, two conditions are required to be satisfied (Woellner, 2014). An Australian domicile must be possessed In Freds case this is violated as he is a resident of England. Permanent abode located in Australia Since, one condition already fails, this test is failed by Fred. Resides Test Residency is determined based on the cumulative impact of the following factors (Barkoczy, 2014). Amount of duration of stay and underlying purpose Fred has already stayed for 11 months and still professional commitments pending. Also, employment is a significant reasons. Nature of ties and life Life is similar to that Fred lived in England and also wife is present. Besides, life lead in Australia with wife is quite similar to back home in England. Based on the above aspects, it is apparent that the test has been passed. 183 Day Test Following two conditions shall be complied with (Coleman, 2011). Atleast 183 day stay in Australia by the taxpayer Fred satisfies this Intention to set up permanent home in Australia going forward Not true for Fred as he has no such plans and intends to return back once the office is setup. Hence, test failed. Superannuation Test This is only applicable for government employees but Fred is an employee of an English company and hence this test is irrelevant in Freds case (Gilders et.al., 2015). Conclusion As Fred has managed to satisfy one test from the given four, he would be classified as a tax resident of Australia. Case 1 Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159 Facts about the case The shareholders of the Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd Company were issued loan from the bank in regards to buy a mine. The land was located in New Zealand and had rich copper reserves. Company had mentioned that they will mine the copper from the land but eventually they did not commence mining operation on the land. The reason to not start the mine was that they did not have initial working capital to bear the expense occurred in the mining from the land. The ownership of the land was transferred to another mining company in the return of the significant number of shares of that company. The commercial value of the shares was significantly greater than the purchase cost of the mine which directly yielded a huge profit to the original shareholders of the land. Relevant law and Decision It was ruled by the court that the income from the shares would be assessable for taxation according to the section 25(1) of ITAA, 1936. The point behind the purchase of the land was to yield high revenue by conducting the selling operation of mine. Thus, the income received would not be considered as the capital proceeds since, the intent of the shareholders behind land sale was business activity rather than capital realization. Hence, the arguments claimed by the shareholders were rejected by the court and it was ruled that the overall income received from the sale of the land would be subjected to the taxation as per the ruling of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Sadiq et. al., 2016). Case 2 Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR Facts about the case From the memorandum of the company, it was observed that coal mine was purchased by the investors of the company to commence coal mining in the 1860s. Effectively and efficiently, company operated the mine and after certain time approximately in 1924, the coal reserves become exhausted for commercial exploitation. The size of the land was 1771 acre, Hence, in order to utilize the empty, unshaped and exhausted land the company concluded to sale it for residential purpose. However, to make it ready for residential purpose, they executed various land development works. A huge profit was produced in this process for the investors from sale. Relevant law and Decision The tax commissioner had ruled that the company which performed the sale of the 1771 acre large sized mine land for residential use would be taxable because the respective investors had accomplished several land development activities in regards to increase the worth of the land. Thus, the revenue would be subjected for the taxation as per the section 25(1) or section 26(a) of ITAA, 1936. The investors/ taxpayers had claimed that they executed land development tasks for the realization of the capital asset. Hence, the transaction receipts would be considered as capital receipts and outside the purview of taxable income (Deutsch et. al., 2016). The court had observed the claims of the taxpayers along with the decision provided by the tax commissioner and finally ruled that the claimed of the taxpayers were correct. This was because the taxpayers had used the land for mining the coal and hence operational work carried for several years till the mining could no longer be feasible. Hence, they were involved in the land realization process only when the already mined land could neither be used for coal mining nor for residential purpose due to its unshaped structures. They performed the essential land development process like plot making, roads, water supply and so on. Hence, all these primary activity performed by the investors would be categorized under the realization of the capital asset and not legally responsible for tax under section 25(1) of tax law (Jade, 2016). Case 3 FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR Facts about the case Land situated on the beach was used for aerating the shacks and net used in the fishing business Taxpayer had performed the sale of the land since he received high price offer from the land trading and development company. Company had taken the ownership of the land and commenced land development. Same was also reflected through requisite changes in the article of association. The land was further sold to prospective land buyers which caused handsome gains for the company. Relevant law and Decision The court had overruled the claimed of the taxpayers and provided the judgment that the taxpayers would be subjected to the provision of the assessable income of the section 25(1) of ITAA, 19936. The authentication of this judgment was the change in the intention on the part of the taxpayers. At the initial stage, the asset realization was carried by the taxpayer by fishing and when he received the offer of the high rate of the land then he sold the land to the land trading companies whose, main work was commercial i.e. land trading and land development. The company made alternation in the article of association with respect to the work conducted by the company. These aspects were enough to predict the focus on the part of the taxpayers to execute the profit yielding business from sale of the land. The assessable nature of the transaction would be accountable for taxation (CCH, 2016a). Case 4 Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 Facts about the case The taxpayers were exposed to a situation of financial distress. The two trustees (taxpayers) had a deceased land where they executed a cattle business. The cattle business did not result in any significant gains for the trustees and hence had to be closed down. Sale was the most suitable option left to stabilize the looming financial ailments of the family. A large section of the land was sold after undertaking the subdivision on the land. The sale was done by the taxpayers and the gains were consumed against the outstanding financial dues. Relevant law and Decision The appeal made by the taxpayers was accepted by the court because it was related to their activity and the reasons behind the sale of the land. It was claimed that the land was not utilized under the profit scheme related to the business. Hence the gains received from sale of the estate land should not be chargeable as ordinary income. The court had considered the situation of the taxpayers and decided that the sale of the land was listed under the realisation of the asset since they had to sell the land owing to their situation but not their profiteering intent (CCH, 2016b). Case 5 Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 Facts about the case The taxpayer had received 998 acres of the farm land from his beloved father in regards to commence the traditional farming business. He did not have the funds to start the new occupation because his previous business was failed because of drought. Failure of the business had adverse impact on the health of the taxpayer. He had acquired a high loan from the bank for treatment of his poor health. The interest burden kept on accumulating for the taxpayer. There was no other source of the income left with taxpayer to pay the loan amount hence he concluded to sell a substantial part of the land with the intent of paying his dues. The residual part after sale of the land was used for farming for his living. Relevant law and Decision The Federal Court had opined that the selling of the substantial part of the farm land with respect to pay the interest and the loan amount was not assessable in the accordance of the ordinary income mentioned in the section 25(1) or 25A. The taxpayer had initially tried to resolve the loan problem by doing farming but eventually it could not provide the significant amount to pay the interest or the loan amount. Therefore, he sold the subsequent part of the land and paid the amount to the bank and again involved in his faming business on the remaining farm land. The act of the taxpayer was realisation of the land asset to discharge the loan amount and not the activity of undertakings gains from land sale (CCH, 2016c). Case 6 Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 Facts about the case The central intention of acquiring the land by the company was to conduct two functional activities Extraction of the silica (sand) from the land Selling the extracted sand into market After continuously extracting sand,, the land become unstructured and exhausted and no further extraction was possible. Company sold the land Some essential land development activities were undertaken so as make it suitable for domestic purposes Company earned a sizable income of approximately $370,000 form sale. Relevant law and Decision The verdict of the case was different from the verdicts given in the Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR case, because the Scottish Company had sustained the coal mining operation for years and then sold the land to utilize it for residential intent. However, the verdict of the Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 case was different since the company purchased the land with the intention of mining but with indulgence in land development activities for the purpose of profit making, the business activity of the company had effectively altered. Therefore, the intention of deriving the maximum returns would be subjected to the isolated concepts of the ordinary income of taxation. The verdict of the FC of T v The Emporium Ltd 87 ATC 4363 case is the testimony of the above judgment (Coleman, 2011). Case 7 Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 Facts about the case The taxpayer purchased five blocks of land for the purpose of agriculture. After 24 months, the taxpayer decided to sell the land and for executing this decision he made different blocks and systematically started selling the land block. The received income was $ 388,288 from sale of the blocks which continued over a long length of time. Meanwhile, the taxpayer also kept purchasing more land for development through sub plotting and selling. Relevant law and Decision The Federal Court decided that the proceed of $388,288 from sale of the land blocks was ordinary income and assessable under the Income Tax Assessment Tax 1936. The reason behind this ruling was the intent of the taxpayer to profit from selling the land block after carrying out development with no intention of conducting any farming.. The sale of the plots was executed to different buyers, at different time frame which was prime indication of taxpayers intent to increase the value of the block for higher proceeds. These sets of commercial action led to the establishment of a business undertaking and hence the taxpayer was held accountable for taxation (CCH, 2016d). Case 8 McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 Facts about the case The taxpayers had purchased an old unshaped property at very low cost. They purchased the land so that they could liquidate it in the near future after developing it. The taxpayers also issued a loan from bank so that they could execute some value addition process. In the process of increasing the commercial value of the acquired land, they made three designer houses with the help of loan amount. Various modes of advertisement were also used by the taxpayer to invite the premium buyers to purchase the houses. They had not sold the house because they were not receiving the expecting proceeds. They resided in one house for one year and then the houses were sold with a sizable profit amounting to $151,622. Relevant law and Decision The judgment of the court was based on the various aspects and activity performed by the taxpayers in the duration starting from sale of the land till they received the net profit of $151,622. These facts are (Deutsch et. al., 2016). Objective behind the purchase of land Sale after some time to get high gains Construction of new designer houses on the land Value addition activity to maximize the commercial value Advertisement for sale of the house - To earn higher proceeds/ returns Taking loan for value addition activity - To show that their financial condition was not well. From the above factors, the court reached the verdict that the income from sale of the houses was assessable for taxation under the section 25(1) of ITAA, 1936. It was also stated that the activity of taking loan was to show the poor financial stage, however, they had used the amount in the value addition process in order to extract gains from property sale (CCH, 2016e). References Barkoczy,S 2014,Foundation of Taxation Law 2014,6th eds., CCH Publications, North Ryde CCh 2016a, FC of T v Whit fords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR, Available online from https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio549860sl16841994/federal-commissioner-of-taxation-v-whitfords-beach-pty-ltd-high-court-of-australia-17-march-1982 (Accessed on September 8, 2016) CCh 2016b, Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070, Available online from https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio544343sl16788832/statham-anor-v-federal-commissioner-of-taxation-federal-court-of-australia-full-court-23-december-1988 (Accessed on September 8, 2016) CCh 2016c, Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135, Available online from https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio539843sl16716249/casimaty-v-fc-of-t-federal-court-of-australia-10-december-1997 (Accessed on September 8, 2016) CCb 2016d, Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620, Available online from https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio545564sl16800674/crow-v-federal-commissioner-of-taxation-federal-court-of-australia-17-august-1988 (Accessed on September 8, 2016) CCh 2016e, McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487, Available online from https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio539084sl16707683/mccurry-anor-v-fc-of-t-federal-court-of-australia-15-may-1998 (Accessed on September 8, 2016) Coleman, C 2011, Australian Tax Analysis, 4th eds., Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia, Sydney Deutsch, R, Freizer, M, Fullerton, I, Hanley, P, Snape, T 2016, Australian tax handbook 9th eds., Thomson Reuters, Pymont Gilders, F, Taylor, J, Walpole, M, Burton, M. Ciro, T 2015, Understanding taxation law 2015, 7th eds., LexisNexis/Butterworths Jade 2016, Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188, Available online from https://jade.io/j/?a=outlineid=64663 (Accessed on September 8, 2016) Sadiq, K, Coleman, C, Hanegbi, R, Jogarajan, S, Krever, R, Obst, W, and Ting, A 2016 ,Principles of Taxation Law 2016, 9th eds., Thomson Reuters, Pymont Woellner, R 2014, Australian taxation law 2014, 8th eds., CCH Australia, North Ryde

Academic Writing and Composing a Research Paper

The most critical normal for a scholastic or insightful paper is that it needs to pass an academic quality evaluation before it very well may be distributed in a scholastic diary. Before an article is acknowledged for production, it must be surveyed by scientists working in a similar field (refs). This control procedure is called peer-investigating and is intended to ensure the scholastic standard of an article. What is an academic research paper? A scholastic paper is certainly not a social critique, a conclusion or a blog. An academic paper starts with a postulation the essayist of the scholastic paper means to convince readers of a thought or answer for an issue dependent on EVIDENCE not closely-held conviction. Scholastic composing should give the reader an educated contention. To develop an educated contention, you should initially endeavor to deal with what you think about a subject from what you contemplate a subject. You can start by suggesting a conversation starter that will prompt your thought (in which case, your thought will be the solution to your inquiry), or you can put forth a proposal expression. Or then again you can do both: you can make an inquiry and promptly recommend the appropriate response that your paper will contend. The exploration procedure isnt just gathering information, proof, or realities, at that point duplicate and-gluing this prior data into a paper. Rather, the examination procedure is about examination — making inquiries and creating answers through genuine basic reasoning and attentive reflection. Most research includes somewhere around a study or survey requesting sentiments from a sensibly measured example of significant members. How are the Academic Papers evaluated? Is the Full Paper an exact impression of the title, conceptual and catchphrases? Does the paper unmistakably express the issue, results, discoveries or ends? Is the structure of the paper clear and coherent? Does the paper plainly characterize the strategy, examine devices and research questions? Does the paper incorporate adequate applicable hypothesis and is such information obviously depicted and accurately referred to? Does this paper presents new information or bits of knowledge, and recommend future work in the field of plan training. Are any parts of the paper powerless or lacking, and how could these be made strides? Have moral prerequisites been tended to, including how the exploration was led? Does the paper cling to the style rules? Moreover, papers introduced at gatherings are assessed in a Double-Blind Peer Review against the accompanying criteria: Does the paper address the meeting subject? Does the paper add to Design Education (or firmly related) center zones? Note that papers must deliver issues identified with structure instruction, for example, learning creation, educational programs, teaching method, and evaluation, and not planning or the plan calling. Does the paper present a scholastically stable contention that adds to unique research yield? Components of an academic paper Unique The unique contains a short rundown of the article and a portrayal of the goal, strategy, result, and finish of the examination. Watchwords (or subject words), which recognize the substance of the article, are likewise given in theory. A unique is somewhere in the range of 300 and 500 words. Full Paper A Full Paper can contain up to 5 000 words, and comprises of the accompanying: Presentation Quickly portray the focal point of the general paper and its fundamental focuses Feature foundation data or issues important to comprehend the bearing of the paper. The evaluator probably wont be from your field of the plan. Characterize any keywording need to comprehend the point Complete with your proposal proclamation Research Method and material The approach and techniques should be sensible for and fitting to that which is being examined. Distinguish the techniques used to recognize and find sources and the method of reasoning utilized for choosing the sources to investigate. The detail ought to be adequate with the goal that the examination procedure can be evaluated, and imitated by future specialists. Clarify the techniques utilized for breaking down the information and touching base at discoveries. Results Essential information is given printed shape ideally utilizing tables and figures. Indeed, even startling or negative outcomes are introduced. Exchange The exchange is an evaluation of the outcomes. Methodological contemplations and the manner by which the outcomes contrast with prior research in the field are talking about. End Repeat your proposition from the presentation in various words Quickly outline every principle point found in the body of the paper (1-2 sentences for each point). Give an announcement of the outcomes of not grasping the position (contentious paper as it were) End with a solid clincher explanation: a suitable, significant last sentence that ties the general purpose of the paper together. You may also take help from for best research paper writing services. Place your order now!

The Defence Mechanisms of the Lungs With Relation to Pulmonary Anatomy †Nursing Research Paper

The Defence Mechanisms of the Lungs With Relation to Pulmonary Anatomy – Nursing Research Paper Free Online Research Papers The Defence Mechanisms of the Lungs With Relation to Pulmonary Anatomy Nursing Research Paper The pathway taken by air during inhalation: During inhalation, air enters the nasal cavities via the nostrils, and also into the mouth during forced inhalation. It then passes through the nasopharynx, followed by the oropharynx. Air passes deeper into the thorax via the trachea, which then bifurcates to give the left and right primary bronchi. On entering the lungs, these become intrapulmonary bronchi, which immediately branch to give rise to the lobar (secondary) bronchi. Since the left lung is divided into two lobes, whereas the right lung is divided into three lobes, the right bronchus thus divides into three lobar bronchial branches, and the left into two bronchial branches, with each branch supplying one lobe. The left lung is further divided into eight bronchopulmonary segments, and the right lung, into ten such segments. Thus, in the right lung the lobar bronchi divide to give rise to ten segmental bronchi (tertiary bronchi), while left lobar bronchi give rise to eight segmental bronchi. The segments divide to give pulmonary lobules; each lobule is supplied by a bronchiole. Pulmonary acini are smaller units of structure th at make up the lobules. Each acinus derives it air supply from a terminal bronchiole. As of yet, no gaseous exchange has occurred. Thus, the passageways mentioned above are referred to as the conducting portion of the lung. Instead, the air is conditioned. This consists of warming, moistening and removing particulate matter. Only at the 17th division of the trachea does gaseous exchange commence. It first occurs at the respiratory bronchioles that arise from each terminal bronchiole, which will in turn give off alveoli. Thus, the smallest functional unit of the lung is the respiratory bronchiole unit, which consists of a respiratory bronchiole and the alveoli it supplies. Each alveolus is confluent with a respiratory bronchiole by means of an alveolar duct and an alveolar sac. Defence Mechanisms of the Nasal Cavities: The vestibule communicates anteriorly with the external environment. It contains hairs that filter out the largest-sized particulate matter before it is carried in the airstream to the rest of the cavity. The next segment of the cavity, the respiratory segment, is lined by ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium. It possesses a smooth medial wall called the nasal septum; however, the lateral walls are thrown into folds by the presence of three shelf-like, bony projections called turbinates or conchae. These increase the surface area as well as cause turbulence in airflow to allow more effective conditioning of inspired air. The airstream is broken into eddies, and so matter suspended in the airstream is thrown out of the stream and adheres to the mucus-covered walls of the nasal cavity. It is the goblets cells dispersed between the ciliated cells that secrete mucin. Mucin later forms the mucus that traps debris. The cilia in turn provide a coordinated sweeping motion towards t he pharynx, where the mucus is swallowed. The lamina propria of the respiratory segment has a rich vascular network that includes a complex set of capillary loops. Furthermore, the turbinates increase the total surface area; this arrangement allows the air to be warmed rapidly, so as not to compromise core body temperature. These same vessels become engorged and leaky during allergic reactions or viral infections e.g. the common cold. The lamina propria then becomes distended with fluid, resulting in marked swelling of the mucous membrane with a consequent restriction of the air passage. This makes breathing difficult. Part of the dome of each nasal cavity, and to a lesser extent, the contiguous lateral and medial nasal walls, form the olfactory segment that contain olfactory mucosa. The main constituent of this layer is the olfactory cell. It is a bipolar ciliated neuron that possesses receptors from which the sensation of smell is derived. Over the millennia, man has evolved to dislike odours resembling that of rotting flesh, which possesses micro-organisms and viruses that are harmful not only to the pulmonary system, but to the entire body as well. Defence Mechanisms of the Pharynx: The sub-epithelial tissue of the posterior wall of the nasopharynx possesses diffuse lymphatic tissue. Furthermore, lymphatic nodules are concentrated in the adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils) in the roof of the pharynx, and tonsils (palatine tonsils) on either side of the pharynx. These structures are strategically located to allow the nodule cells to intercept and react with foreign antigens and then travel to regional lymph nodes, where they undergo proliferation and differentiation. Progeny of theses cells return to the lamina propria as effector B and T lymphocytes, as plasma cells, and as memory cells. Respiratory tract nodules also have large numbers of eosinophils as compared to other nodules. This is most visible in times of chronic tonsil inflammation and hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions. Defence Mechanisms of the remainder of the conduction pathway: The larynx shows numerous adaptations to air conduction. The luminal surface of the vocal cords of the larynx is covered with squamous epithelium. This serves to protect the inner layer of the larynx, the mucosa, from abrasion by the rapidly moving airstream. The rest of the larynx is covered by the ciliated epithelium characteristic of the respiratory system, as are the trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles. However, the main adaptation at this level is the presence of an epiglottis. The epiglottis is the valve-like flap of cartilage lying behind the tongue and in front of the entrance to the larynx. At rest, the epiglottis is upright and allows air to pass through the larynx and into the rest of the respiratory system. During swallowing, it folds back to cover the entrance to the larynx, preventing food and drink from entering the windpipe. If both the oesophagus and the larynx were open when a person swallowed, air could enter the stomach and food could enter the lungs. When fo od enters the larynx, the airways are blocked, and we start to choke. The epiglottis works with the larynx to act as a lid every time we swallow. The larynx draws upward and forward to close the windpipe. This keeps solid food and liquid out of the respiratory tract. At the end of each swallow, the epiglottis moves up again, the larynx returns to rest, and the flow of air into the windpipe continues. Cough, Sneeze and Gag Reflexes: The function of both the cough reflex and the sneeze reflex is to dislodge foreign matter or irritating material from respiratory passages. The bronchi and the trachea contain sensory receptors that are sensitive to foreign particles and irritating substances. It is also thought that the upper gastrointestinal tract possesses cough receptors. The cough reflex is initiated with the sensory receptors detect these substances and initiate action potentials that pass along the afferent vagus nerves to the medulla oblongata, where a poorly defined cough centre is located. The movements resulting in a cough occur as follows: about 2.5 litres of air are inspired. The epiglottis closes, and the vestibular folds and vocal cords close tightly to trap the inspired air in the lung as a result of stimulation by efferent neurons. The abdominal muscles contract to force the abdominal contents up against the diaphragm, and the muscles of expiration contract forcefully. As a consequence, the immense p ressures are developed in the lungs that may reach up to 100 mm Hg. The vestibular folds, the vocal cords, and the epiglottis then open suddenly, causing air to rush out of the lungs at a high velocity, carrying foreign particles with it. The sneeze reflex is similar to the cough reflex, but it differs in several ways. The source of irritation that initiates the sneeze reflex is in the nasal passages instead of in the trachea and bronchi, and the action potentials are conducted along the afferent trigeminal nerves to a different centre in the medulla. During the sneeze reflex the uvula and the soft palate are depressed so the air is directed primarily through the nasal passages, although a considerable amount passes through the oral cavity. The rapidly flowing air dislodges particulate matter from the nasal passages and propels it a considerable distance from the nose. The gag reflex is important for removing foreign bodies from the pharynx and oral cavity. The normal gag reflex is a mass contraction of both sides of the posterior oral and pharyngeal musculature. The contractions of the pharyngeal musculature on the same side as the site of stimulus is called the direct response, while the contractions of the other side are called the consensual response. Defence mechanisms of the Alveoli: The alveoli possess numerous macrophages that pass with ease between alveolar cells. They are unusual in that they function in both the connective tissue of the septum and in the air spaces of the alveoli. In the air spaces, they are referred to as dust cells, because they scavenge the surface to remove inhaled particulate matter. They also phagocytise erythrocytes that may enter the alveoli in heart failure. Some engorged macrophages pass up the bronchial tree in the mucus and are disposed of by swallowing or expectoration when they reach the pharynx. Other macrophages return to or remain in the septal connective tissue, where, filled with accumulated phagocytised material, they may stay for much of an individual’s life. Finally, they phagocytose infectious microbes such as tubercle bacilli. These bacilli are not digested by the macrophage, so other infections or conditions that damage alveolar macrophages can cause the release of tubercle bacilli and recurrent tuberculosis. Diseases of the pulmonary system: Smoking greatly reduces the effectiveness of pulmonary defence. First, smoking reduces coughing in response to smoke, which is why they can smoke without continuously coughing, and second, smoking effects the rate at which the lungs cilia beat. In acute (short term) cases of exposure to smoke, cilia are paralysed temporarily. In the long run, the cilia will be destroyed permenantly. Furthermore, smoke contains irritants, namely tar, that stimuklates mucus secretion in the larger bronchioles by goblet cells. The resultant stagnation produced at that point in long-term smokers means that the lungs are very susceptible to recurrent infection, particularly pneumonia. To eliminate the mucus, such people develop smoker’s cough, which is so violent it can tear parts of the respiratory vessels and burst numerous alveoli. Blod will often be present in the sputum, and the damaged tissue is replaced by scar tissue. The resulting emphysema is further complicated by the fact that alveolar macrophages secrete proteases and elastases that digest the elastin surrounding alveolar sacs and allow these cells to reach rapidlt to the sites of infection. The reduction in compiance is dueto the fact that alveolar air cannot be replaced as efficiently as before without the recoil provided by elastic tissue. Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways characterised by wheezing, swelling, excess fluid build-up and mucus plug formation. The major step in the inflammatory process is exposure to these allergens or triggers. In the first exposure to the harmless allergen, specific B-lymphocytes recognises an antigen of the allergen, and so it divides rapidly by clonal expansion to produce plasma cells and memory cells. The plasma cells, in turn, produce IgE immunoglobulins. Mast cells and basophils in the lungs have special IgE receptor sites on their surfaces to which the IgE molecules attach. These cells are now sensitised to that allergen. On the next exposure to the allergen, the attached IgE antibody comes in contact with the allergen it was designed specifically to recognize, and, and the mast cells begin to degranulate. The released chemicals attract memory cells. Secretion of more IgE by the proliferating memory cells stimulates the release of several inflammatory-response mediat ors. These chemicals include histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins. They are what cause the symptoms of an allergic reaction. They can stimulate the production of excess amounts of mucus and fluid in the airway, which plug the airway, and also bind to specific receptors on the smooth muscles of the bronchioles, causing severe bronchoconstriction. Bibliography: Jeremy Ward – The respiratory system at a glance P56-64 John Widdicombe Andrew Davies – Respiratory Physiology (second edition) P1-7 Michael Ross – Histology: a text and atlas (third edition) P340-348, 530-556 innerbody.com/text/dige02.html mhhe.com/biosci/ap/seeleyap/resp/reading1.mhtml medsch.wisc.edu/anatomy/bs97/text/p9/gag.htm cancer.ca/ccs/internet/standard/0,3182,3172_367563__langId-en,00.html new-asthma.uk.net/mastcelldegranulationdiagrams.html Research Papers on The Defence Mechanisms of the Lungs With Relation to Pulmonary Anatomy - Nursing Research PaperAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfGenetic EngineeringPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Hockey GameAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 219 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Health Care Systems of Singapore and United States Essay

Health Care Systems of Singapore and United States - Essay Example The WHO Report revealed that U.S health system spends a higher portion of its Gross Domestic Product than any other country of the 191 countries. The report ranked U.S at position 37 according to its health care performance. Bureau report of 2006 revealed that 15.8 percent of citizens had no insurance cover. This represented an approximate of 47 million people (DeNavas-Walt et al, 2007:27). This paper compares the health care systems of United States and Singapore. It will look at the organisation, funding, regulation, and quality. Organisation The organisation of the health care system in United States and Singapore differs markedly. To start with, the structure of the health care systems in Singapore encourages her citizens to take responsibilities for their well-being. Singapore health care system comprises of both private and public hospitals. The organisation of health care system embraces three central components of the health care that include Medisave, Medishield, and Medifun d. Medislave is a compulsory saving plan while Medishield is a low cost, catastrophic health insurance scheme while Medifund is a welfare scheme. The three accounts augment government’s system of subsidies for health care. ... The polyclinics account 20 percent of the primary health care provision while the private sector captures 80 percent. However, the public health care accounts for 80 percent while that of private health care is 20 percent in the expensive hospital care (Usa, 2009:111). The structure of health care system in United States is very different from that of Singapore. The health system in United States are very fragmented and decentralised. The health care system concentrate on making profits and patients pay for all health care services. Although the government of United States invests many funds in the health care system, the outcomes are dismal. The organisation of health system in United States embraces private and public insurers in the health care system. The health insurance systems include the Medicaid and Medicare (Barr, 2011:14). The Medicare program, which the government of United State oversees, caters for the elderly and disabled people. The payroll taxes and federal revenues and premiums finance the Medicare insurance. On the other hand, Medicaid covers the low-income earners and the disabled. The federal law dictates that Medicaid should insure parents, disabled, poor pregnant women, and the aged people only. This program is under the State and the District of Columbia. This insurance covers about 13 percent of the American people that makes about 20 percent of total health care spending (Barr, 2011:166). In addition to the public Medicare and Medicaid, United States has private insurance system. This cover caters for 58 percent of the American population amounting to 33 percent of the total spending of health expenditure (Niles,

TV Advertising Strategy for Teenage Makeup Research Paper

TV Advertising Strategy for Teenage Makeup - Research Paper Example Therefore, it would be most logical to tie the makeup advertisement with the television programs that are highly popular among the target audience – teenagers. Contrary to the common belief that conventional advertising doesn’t resonate attract teenagers, it has been observed that â€Å"once an ad breaks through the clutter, teens are much more likely to ‘like’ an advertisement than their older counterparts† (Nielsen, 2009, â€Å"Messaging to Teens†). It has been reported that the most popular networks among American teenagers include â€Å"MTV, Disney ®, Cartoon Network ®, Fox, ABC Family, Nickelodeon/Nick at Night ®, Comedy Central ®, and MTV2† (Malinowski, 2010, â€Å"Television†); however, it is worth mentioning on a more particular note that younger female teenagers have more liking for Disney ®, and their older counterparts favor MTV. Hence, these channels should be chosen for the purpose of advertising teenage makeup, due to their obvious popularity among female teenagers in America. It has been observed that the television shows which enjoy maximum popularity among the American teenagers comprise â€Å"Full House, Family Guy, and Hannah Montana. One Tree Hill, Gilmore Girls, and Greys Anatomy† – more importantly, these are also the programs that are liked the most by older female teenagers. Apart from these, it has been found that non-white teenagers prefer â€Å"Degrassi, Charmed, and Friends† (Malinowski, 2010, â€Å"Television†). It has been reported that advertisements pertaining to hair products and cosmetics are among those that â€Å"did the best job of breaking through the clutter to teen viewers† (Nielsen, 2009, â€Å"Advertising†). Therefore, the most logical strategy will be to tie the advertisements with these programs in order to enhance the impact on the teenagers. Owing to the fact that the world is transforming into a global

Consumer law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Consumer law - Essay Example You must take it in the condition in which you found it. This statement by itself does not shield the seller from liability. Under section 6(2)(a) of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, as against a person dealing as consumer, liability for breach of the obligations arising from section 13, 14 or 15 of the 1979 Act (seller’s implied undertakings as to conformity of goods with description or sample, or as to their quality or fitness for a particular purpose); cannot be excluded or restricted by reference to any contract term. Dealing as a Consumer is defined under section 12 of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977.1 An individual deals as a consumer when he neither makes the contract in the course of a business nor holds himself out as doing so the other party does make the contract in the course of a business. The second hand good was not bought in a public auction, and therefore the burden of proving that the purchase was not made as a consumer lies on the seller either because the seller did not sell in the course of business or the buyer did buy or held out to buy in the course of business. The mere fact that Andy had paid the purchase price from his business account does not lead to a conclusion that he was dealing in the course of business and not as a consumer. In fact, his intention was to use the car principally for shopping and collecting the children from school but he did expect occasionally to use it in his business for urgent collections and deliveries of materials. Under section 14(2A) of the 1979 Act, goods are of satisfactory quality if they meet the standard that a reasonable person would regard as satisfactory, taking account of any description of the goods, the price (if relevant) and all the other relevant circumstances. Furthermore, under section 14(2B), the quality of goods includes their state and condition and the following (among others) are in appropriate cases aspects of the quality of goods— The description of the

Analyzing The Organisational And Business Environments

Analyzing The Organisational And Business Environments What is the Organisational Environment or Business Environment? In my point of view, a business is an organization that provides goods and services to others who want or need them. And the Environment is defined as the surroundings of the organisation, such as Social, Legal, Economical, Political or Institutional that are beyond the control of the organization and affect the organizations functioning. There are two major components of business environment: Internal Environment: Man, Material, Money, Machinery and Management. These factors are usually under are controlled and affected by the business. The business can cause changes to these factors followed by the change in function dividing in the company. External Environment: Government, Legal, Geo-Physical, Political, Socio-Cultural, Demo-Graphical factors, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ these factors are beyond the control of company. After this subject, I hope that, I will know deeply how to analyze and evaluate the relationship between the organization and its environment, and the environment impacts on management decisions. To understand the market and competitors and the tools that manager can use to monitor the changing business environment. And this is my brief report for 7 of 12 sessions of this Global Organization Environment course that I learnt. Environment of organizations form and purpose. The purpose of an organization is to accomplish the goals and objectives as indicated within the organizations vision statement and depends on its nature of the organization. If the aim of the organization is to get profit, then its main purpose is to earn money. To provide goods and services, employment, and satisfy the expectations of different cohorts of people. With organizations responsibility is: employee welfare, working condition, job design, pollution, advertising, employment community, If the organization is for non-profit, then its target is to satisfy customers or to relieve the public. The mission will be indicated how they plan on reaching those goals and objectives. When making strategic decisions about the organizations direction and scope, managers have to analyse the organizational purpose, vision and stakeholders expectation for the future. Each stakeholder group has personal and collective expectations of organization, but these expectations are likely to conflict, such as: growth versus profitability, growth versus independence, cost cutting versus jobs, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Stakeholders individually are unlikely to influence the strategy of an organization, but collectively because they share similar expectations they are likely to have a bigger effect. Stakeholders are not always equally powerful or interested in the strategy of the organization so will need to be prioritised. There are different types of organisation: Private Limited Company (Ltd.); Public Limited Company (plc); Partnership; Sole Trader; Co-operatives; Close Corporation; Joint Venture; Franchising; Public Corporation; Municipal Enterprises; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Understanding the Managerial Environment. Managers will need to evaluate the current context and trends of organisational strategic planning and operating, it includes the evaluation of local, regional political stability, government commitment to business, main economic indexes, labour force, technological development and availability, legal documents and finally environmental issues affecting business. With the results of analysis, managers are able to identify main opportunities and threats of their company. Opportunities are external factors which enable managers to enhance revenues or open markets, such as: new technologies, new markets and ideas, new technologies has helped businesses increase productivity and quality and reduce labor force through application of new technology, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Threats are those which can have bad influence on the organization such as: economic recession, oil shortages,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Managers responsibilities are to seek opportunities and avoid threats. Task environment are forces from suppliers, distributors, customers, and competitors. There are many forces that have deep influence on the company. These forces consist of wide economic, technological, demographic and similar issues which managers usually can not impact or control. Economic forces: affect the national economy and the organization. It refers to interest rate changes, unemployment rates, economic growth. When the economy is strong, people have better consumption ability which means they spend more on goods and services Technological forces: refer to skills and equipment used in design, production and distribution. These forces may lead to opportunities and threats to managers and often make products obsolete very quickly or can change the way managers manage them. Socio Cultural forces: Social and cultural forces are often linked together. Whilst meaningful distinctions between social and cultural factors can be made, in many ways they interact and the distinction between the various factors is not clear. Differences in language can alter the intended meaning of a promotional campaign and differences in the way a culture organizes itself socially may affect the way a product is positioned in the market and the benefits a consumer may seek from that product Demographic forces are changes in the nature, composition and diversity of a population and include gender, age, ethnic origin and so on. For instance, nowadays more and more women enter the workforce and even become high-ranked leaders. In many developed countries, the population is aging. Based on these demographic changes, it can be forecast that there will he high demand for health care and assistance for living. Besides, the company will be able to avoid more threats if managers can measure the complexity of the environment and the rate of environmental change. Environment complexity can be seen as the number and possible impacts of different forces in the environment. The more attention manager pay to forces with larger impact, the better opportunities the company may have. And it is easy to see that the bigger the organization, the greater number of forces managers must consider. This means, managers job will become more and more complex if there are more forces So what is the way to reduce environmental impacts? Managers can avoid many environmental threats by reducing number of forces. All levels of managers must have responsibility to minimize the potential impact of environmental forces. For example, line managers are responsible for reducing waste; middle managers are to oversee and evaluate competitors moves; top managers are responsible for the companys new strategy. In order to deal with changes, creating new organizational structures can be a suggestion to managers. In many companies, managers use specific departments to respond to each force. They also define specific functions of departments to create mechanistic or organic structures. Authority in mechanistic structure is centralized and roles are clearly specified. This kind of structure is better used in slowly changing environments. Authority in organic structure is decentralized and roles overlap, however, this feature helps organization have quick response to change. Manager must gain access to information needed to forecast future issues. If in-correct view of the environment, the forecast companys future will be wrong. Inter-organizational relations are that companies need alliances globally to best utilize resources. PESTLE is a framework for categorising the environment. It allows an in-depth analysis of external factors impacting on the organisation to take place. The outcome of this is twofold: Assess the Opportunities facing the company Assess the Threats facing the company. The main purpose of analyzing environment factors is to identify opportunities, threats. Businesses can reduce these risks and focus to exploit their businesss opportunities as well as strengths. I can determine a strategy for dealing with these anticipated changes. The result is that I become more pro-active and better prepared rather than having to react to a crisis. This process might be linked to the organizations strategic vision and the generation of potential scenarios. The Economy and the Role of Government. Any economy can be understood at the simple level as the interaction of two participants, consumers and producers. The Circular Flow of Income describes the operations of an economy; the consumers provide resources to firms for income, firms produce goods and services to consumers for margin. Income and margin are used to pay living and operating costs, taxes for government spending, investments for productive capacity, technological development and savings. Government plays the role of policy maker and referee, ensuring the achievement of economic and social goals of a society, including high rate of decent employment, stable economic growth, low rate of inflation, trade surplus. Government use fiscal policy (taxes and public spending) and monetary policy (money supply and interest rates) as major tools of macro-economic management. Fiscal policy is a tool for managing demand and is used in order to increase or decrease demand, if government wants to increase the demand, it may reduce taxes and/or increase spending, if it wants to reduce the demand, it will do the opposite. Government has lot challenges in achieving simultaneously all the economic goals, an increase in demand may create high inflation. Government also use monetary policy for macro-economic management, an increase in interest rates will increase saving, reduce consumption and reduce investment spending, and thus reduce inflation. The interest rates affect exchange rates and banks or investors will spend their energy and efforts just to trade the money and not the production. The European Environment. The rationale of reduction in trade barriers and mobility restrictions is for costumers rights protection, competitive and technological enhancement. The main benefits for countries in joining EU include access to a largest and fairly competitive market, with a safer and predictable environment for the business. Social protection for consumers, employees, producers, and the economy as a whole, supported by a powerful economy and sustainable resources, education, research and development,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The main challenges for EU enlargement includes different educational, technological, cultural, infrastructural and competitive level between countries, politics, human rights issues, especially the legacy of the Soviet economy. United Kingdom, Switzerland are considering their EMU member due to negative factors such as economic cycle, sovereignty issues, unique values, transition and employment costs. Understanding the Global Environment. Globalization has invoked extensive debate over its impact and credibility , giving rise to a number of perspectives . The area that permits people and different industries to focus on what they do best is competition , and global markets encourage efficiency on this area . It offers greater opportunity for industries to tap into more and larger markets around the world . Industries could now have access to more capital flows , technology , cheaper imports , and larger export markets .Industries are compelled to vie globally due to the competitive environment . The key globalisation drivers include politics, economics, market, costs and competition. Globalisation is bringing both opportunities and challenges to peoples. For competitive advantages in the global market, countries have to increase their political and social connections between peoples and states; firms need a good assessment of global costs. Globalisation allows firms not only to profit of better production factors, but also to gain market share or to access to growing market. Managers need to have strategic decisions on whether outsourcings, off-shoring or in-sourcing for costs advantages. Governments policy makers have to ensure the reasonable inequalities between rich and poor, the control of dominance and monopoly of biggest global firms, cultural degradation, global dependence and global crime. Market Structures and Industry Analysis. Monopolists are able to control both production and purchase rights. In a high competitive market, specialism and location allow operators control over price. In the oligopoly market, competition of non-price methods such as advertising and sales promotion is appropriate. But the greater competition makes companies more efficient and the consumer has a bigger choice of good and services, policy makers have to build rules for fair competitiveness and anti-monopolistic competition. I am able to interpret the Porters Five Forces (current competitors, new entrants, buyers power, substitutes, and suppliers power) to market and competitive analysis of my business. The results will be used to defining and positioning my business, including the development and implementation of key success factors. Delivering Customer Value and Managing Marketing Performance. Firms need an appropriate targeting strategy due to different needs of customers. Customer segmentation allows firms to critically analyse characteristics of customer groups for the provision of relevant services and goods. Appropriate promotions with segmentation approach help firms not only to save costs, but also to provide desirable products and enjoyable prices. A good understanding of existing and potential markets through assessing current and potential market attractiveness, evaluating company and competitors current and potential strengths and weaknesses in serving a particular market, allow firm to take competitive advantages. Company brands are built from knowledge, esteem, relevance and differentiation. I am using the gained knowledge from these sessions to develop my business strategy with demand-driven and non-price competitive approaches such as owner branding, expertise enhancing, attitude improving for differentiation and success. Difficult concepts and Improvement plans: Scenarios and scenario building are difficult concepts with me, the growing importance of scenarios is related to the increasing problems with forecasting, forecasting works well in times of stability, however, extrapolation of past trends and forecasting into the future becomes highly problematic in times of uncertainty, such as: with exchange rate we can not know exactly it tomorrow. And the session 12th is difficult as well, as it requires a manager how to monitor the changing of their business environment and how to deal more successfully with their operating conditions. Studying the future is not the ability to see the future, its the ability to walk away from part of the past. Gary Hamel, Harvard Business School. Scenario planning can be a powerful means for enhancing strategic planning within organizations. Scenario planning helps people articulate their mental models their perceptual limits to discover what opportunities and threats exist that they are currently failing to perceive And I agree with this, Experience has taught us that the scenario planning technique is much more conductive to forcing people to think about the future the forecasting techniques we formerly used. Andre Bernard, Managing Director, Royal Dutch/Shell. With my daily work, I will try my best to improve, from: Learning from doing my works. I am working with position is Head of Finance Planning Report and Budget Control in my company, I am building scenarios with my boss and colleague to my company and will learn from both success and failure. Further reading. More exchanges with friends and experts: Informal discussions, exchanges through emails, chats with them will enable me to gain more knowledge. Participation in short course with Viet-sourcing to improve my knowledge.

Building And Keeping A Continental Empire :: essays research papers

There are five key ingredients in building a continental empire. A strong continental empire must be able to up-hold these five key things to survive. These five all important things are a strong central government; foreign policy, to deal with other countries; manifest destiny, to deal with matters of land; infrastructure, which deals with state business, transportation, and financial matters; and the ability to solve internal problems such as social, economic, and political problems. America is a continental empire and runs itself using these five things. The most important of these is probably the strong central government. A strong central government insures that the government will be able to run smoothly in a time of crisis and have the capability to make sound decisions that will benefit the American populace. Foreign policy was developed so that America would know where it stood when it came to dealing with other countries. It was important that America dealt with international problems in a uniform manner. Manifest destiny deals with the issue of how America and Americans will acquire land. Infrastructure is America working together. America depends on many things to keep it running, when these things cross paths we develop an infrastructure. America must solve internal problems all of the time. What these problems are and how we solve them is what shapes America. America slowly began to build a continental empire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to achieve the five things needed to create a continental empire America had to start slow. They first had to gain the trust of their people and settle the differences between them. This trust was partly gained by heroes of the Revolutionary War becoming politicians. An example of this was George Washington. He led troops into battle during the war and then became president. American people found it very difficult to start a rebellion or disagree with someone that had led them to victory against Britain. With George at the helm of America we were well on our way to developing a continental empire. This trust in America was secured by actions. Our government kept making the people happy by writing a bill of rights and a constitution that gave Americans the freedom that they had wanted when they went to war with Britain. The people wanted rights that they felt were fair and necessary to their existence. The government outlined these rights in the Bill of Rights. The people agreed with them. The constitution outlined rules to form a more perfect Union. Americans excepted the contents of the Constitution and began to build their lives around it.

Bloom’s Taxonomy

Designing Effective Projects: Thinking Skills Frameworks Bloom’s Taxonomy: A New Look at an Old Standby Traditional Hierarchy of Thinking Processes In 1956, Benjamin Bloom wrote Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Cognitive Domain, and his six-level description of thinking has been widely adapted and used in countless contexts ever since. His list of cognitive processes is organized from the most simple, the recall of knowledge, to the most complex, making judgments about the value and worth of an idea. Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Traditional) Skill Knowledge DefinitionRecall information Comprehension Understand the meaning, paraphrase a concept Use the information or concept in a new situation Break information or concepts into parts to understand it more fully Put ideas together to form something new Make judgments about value Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation Key Words Identify, describe, name, label, recognize, reproduce, follow Summarize, co nvert, defend, paraphrase, interpret, give examples Build, make, construct, model, predict, prepare Compare/contrast, break down, distinguish, select, separate Categorize, generalize, reconstructAppraise, critique, judge, justify, argue, support Today’s world is a different place, however, than the one Bloom’s Taxonomy reflected in 1956. Educators have learned a great deal more about how students learn and teachers teach and now recognize that teaching and learning encompasses more than just thinking. It also involves the feelings and beliefs of students and teachers as well as the social and cultural environment of the classroom. Several cognitive psychologists have worked to make the basic concept of a taxonomy of thinking skills more relevant and accurate.In developing his own taxonomy of educational objectives, Marzano (2000) points out one criticism of Bloom’s Taxonomy. The very structure of the Taxonomy, moving from the simplest level of knowledge to the m ost difficult level of evaluation, is not supported by research. A hierarchical taxonomy implies that each higher skill is composed of the skills beneath it; comprehension requires knowledge; application requires comprehension and knowledge, and so on. This, according to Marzano, is simply not true of the cognitive processes in Bloom’s Taxonomy.The originators of the original six thinking processes assumed that complex projects could be labeled as requiring one of the processes more than the others. A task was primarily an â€Å"analysis† or an â€Å"evaluation† task. This has been proven not to be true which may account for the difficulty that educators have classifying challenging learning activities using the Taxonomy. Anderson (2000) argues that nearly all complex learning activities require the use of several different cognitive skills. Like any theoretical model, Bloom’s Taxonomy has its strengths and weaknesses.Its greatest strength is that it has taken the very important topic of thinking and placed a structure around it that is usable by practitioners. Those teachers who keep a list of question prompts relating to the various levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy undoubtedly do a better job of encouraging higher-order thinking in their students than those who have no such tool. On the other hand, as anyone who has worked with a group of educators to classify a group of questions and learning activities according to the Taxonomy can attest, there is little consensus about what seemingly self-evident erms like â€Å"analysis,† or â€Å"evaluation† mean. In addition, so many worthwhile activities, such as authentic problems and projects, cannot be mapped to the Taxonomy, and trying to do that would diminish their potential as learning opportunities. Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy In 1999, Dr. Lorin Anderson, a fromer student of Bloom's, and his colleagues published an updated version of Bloom’s Taxonomy that takes into account a broader range of factors that have an impact on teaching and learning. This revised taxonomy attempts to correct some of the problems with the original taxonomy.Unlike the 1956 version, the revised taxonomy differentiates between â€Å"knowing what,† the content of thinking, and â€Å"knowing how,† the procedures used in solving problems. The Knowledge Dimension is the â€Å"knowing what. † It has four categories: factual, conceptual, procedural, and metacognitive. Factual knowledge includes isolated bits of information, such as vocabulary definitions and knowledge about specific details. Conceptual knowledge consists of systems of information, such as classifications and categories.Procedural knowledge includes algorithms, heuristics or rules of thumb, techniques, and methods as well as knowledge about when to use these procedures. Metacognitive knowledge refers to knowledge of thinking processes and information about how to manipulate thes e processes effectively. The Cognitive Process Dimension of the revised Bloom’s Taxonomy like the original version has six skills. They are, from simplest to most complex: remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, and create. Remembering Remembering consists of recognizing and recalling relevant information from long-term memory.Understanding Understanding is the ability to make your own meaning from educational material such as reading and teacher explanations. The subskills for this process include interpreting, exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining. Applying The third process, applying, refers to using a learned procedure either in a familiar or new situation. Analysis The next process is analysis, which consists of breaking knowledge down into its parts and thinking about how the parts relate to its overall structure.Students analyze by differentiating, organizing, and attributing. Evaluation Evaluation, which is at the top of the original taxonomy, is the fifth of the six processes in the revised version. It includes checking and critiquing. Creating Creating, a process not included in the earlier taxonomy, is the highest component of the new version. This skill involves putting things together to make something new. To accomplish creating tasks, learners generate, plan, and produce.According to this taxonomy, each level of knowledge can correspond to each level of cognitive process, so a student can remember factual or procedural knowledge, understand conceptual or metacognitive knowledge, or analyze metacognitive or factual knowledge. According to Anderson and his colleagues, â€Å"Meaningful learning provides students with the knowledge and cognitive processes they need for successful problem solving†. The following charts list examples of each skill of the Cognitive and Knowledge Dimensions. Cognitive Processes Dimensions Cognitive ProcessesExamples Remembering—Produce the right informa tion from memory Recognizing †¢ Identify frogs in a diagram of different kinds of amphibians. †¢ Find an isosceles triangle in your neighborhood. †¢ Answer any true-false or multiple-choice questions. Recalling †¢ Name three 19th-century women English authors. †¢ Write the multiplication facts. †¢ Reproduce the chemical formula for carbon tetrachloride. Understanding—Make meaning from educational materials or experiences Interpreting †¢ Translate a story problem into an algebraic equation. †¢ Draw a diagram of the digestive system. Paraphrase Jawaharlal Nehru's tryst with destiny speech. Exemplifying †¢ Draw a parallelogram. †¢ Find an example of stream-of-consciousness style of writing. †¢ Name a mammal that lives in our area. Classifying †¢ Label numbers odd or even. †¢ List the events of the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. †¢ Group native animals into their proper species. Summarizing †¢ Make up a title for a short passage. †¢ List the key points related to capital punishment that the Web site promotes. Inferring †¢ Read a passage of dialogue between two characters and make conclusions about their past relationship. Figure out the meaning of an unfamiliar term from the context. †¢ Look at a series of numbers and predict what the next number will be. Comparing †¢ Explain how the heart is like a pump. †¢ Compare Mahatma Gandhi to a present day leader. †¢ Use a Venn diagram to demonstrate how two books by Charles Dickens are similar and different. Explaining †¢ Draw a diagram explaining how air pressure affects the weather. †¢ Provide details that justify why the French Revolution happened when and how it did. †¢ Describe how interest rates affect the economy. Applying—Use a procedure Executing Add a column of two-digit numbers. †¢ Orally read a passage in a foreign language. †¢ Have a student open house discussion. Implementing †¢ Design an experiment to see how plants grow in different kinds of soil. †¢ Proofread a piece of writing. †¢ Create a budget. Analyzing—Break a concept down into its parts and describe how the parts relate to the whole Differentiating †¢ List the important information in a mathematical word problem and cross out the unimportant information. †¢ Draw a diagram showing the major and minor characters in a novel. Organizing †¢ Place the books in the classroom library into categories. Make a chart of often-used figurative devices and explain their effect. †¢ Make a diagram showing the ways plants and animals in your neighborhood interact with each other. Attributing †¢ Read letters to the editor to determine the authors’ points of view about a local issue. †¢ Determine a character’s motivation in a novel or short story. †¢ Look at brochures of political candidates and hypothesize about their perspectives on issues. Evaluating—Make judgments based on criteria and syllabus guidelines Checking †¢ Participate in a writing group, giving peers feedback on organization and logic of arguments. Listen to a political speech and make a list of any contradictions within the speech. †¢ Review a project plan to see if all the necessary steps are included. Critiquing †¢ Judge how well a project meets the criteria of a rubric. †¢ Choose the best method for solving a complex mathematical problem. †¢ Judge the validity of arguments for and against astrology. Creating—Put pieces together to form something new or recognize components of a new structure. Generating †¢ Given a list of criteria, list some options for improving race relations in the school. †¢ Generate several scientific hypotheses to explain why plants need sunshine. Propose a set of alternatives for reducing dependence on fossil fuels that address both economic and environmental concerns. †¢ Com e up with alternative hypotheses based on criteria. Planning †¢ Make a storyboard for a multimedia presentation on insects. †¢ Outline a research paper on Mark Twain’s views on religion. †¢ Design a scientific study to test the effect of different kinds of music on hens’ egg production. Producing †¢ Write a journal from the point of view of mountaineer. †¢ Build a habitat for pigeons. †¢ Put on a play based on a chapter from a novel you’re reading. The Knowledge DimensionFactual Knowledge—Basic information Knowledge of terminology Vocabulary terms, mathematical symbols, musical notation, alphabet Knowledge of specific details and Components of the Food Pyramid, names of elements congressional representatives, major battles of WWII Conceptual Knowledge—The relationships among pieces of a larger structure that make them function together Knowledge of classifications and Species of animals, different kinds of arguments, c ategories geological eras Knowledge of principles and Types of conflict in literature, Newton’s Laws of Motion, generalizations principles of democracyKnowledge of theories, models, and Theory of evolution, economic theories, DNA models structures Procedural Knowledge—How to do something Knowledge of subject-specific skills Procedure for solving quadratic equations, mixing colors and algorithms for oil painting, serving a volleyball Knowledge of subject-specific Literary criticism, analysis of historical documents, techniques and methods mathematical problem-solving methods Knowledge of criteria for Methods appropriate for different kinds of experiments, determining when to use statistical analysis procedures used for different ppropriate procedures situations, syllabus guidelines for different genres of writing Metacognitive Knowledge—Knowledge of thinking in general and your thinking in particular Strategic knowledge Ways of memorizing facts, reading comprehen sion strategies, methods of planning a Web site Knowledge about cognitive tasks, Different reading demands of textbooks and novels; including appropriate contextual thinking ahead when using an electronic database; and conditional knowledge differences between writing emails and writing business letters Self-knowledge Need for a diagram or chart to understand complex rocesses, better comprehension in quiet environments, need to discuss ideas with someone before writing an essay References Anderson, L. W. & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing. New York: Longman. Bloom, B. S. , (Ed. ). 1956. Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals: Handbook I, cognitive domain. New York: Longman. Costa, A. L. (Ed. ). (2000). Developing minds: A resource book for teaching thinking. Alexandria, VA: ASCD. Marzano, R. J. (2000). Designing a new taxonomy of educational objectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.